經濟學不是實證科學

　　在近現代的經濟學家來說，曾踏入社會從事過中、低階勞動生產經驗者，其理念多數比較接近凱因斯學說，有著卡爾‧馬克思提及的社會主義觀點。有中、低階勞動生產經驗者，不難發現市井小民的觀點，多有冀望於仰賴群體的協助，而支持此一立場的根本正是社會主義。然而，勞動生產的剝削模式，在英國工業革命後，已經有了相當程度的改變。若是再往前找尋公司的經營思維，不難發現曾經擁有特許權的組織，可說是不同於十八、十九世紀的思想。封建時代的市場和貿易，同比今日有些雷同有些不同，經濟學要以科學解釋有其困難。為什麼？價值觀、制度、社會結構、階級觀念、主觀意識、被動邏輯及集體概念，是導致經濟學無恆一性的背後真正主因，此乃是經濟學在不同時代不同國家會有不同解釋的要素。因此，經濟學有些是有恆常的解釋，但是多數觀點是有地域性和時代性。經濟學不是實證科學已不足以構成爭論的議題，而是應該適切地去探討什麼局勢可以落實某種政策，而究竟是什麼局勢不可以落實某種政策。

Reference

1. 丁長清（1999）中國古代市場與貿易，臺灣商務印書館。

Unpremeditated Crime of the Medical Behaviors in Taiwan

　　In Taiwan, there are fewer and fewer medical students, who choose the Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Emergency Medicine, especially the Obstetrics & Gynecology, and the fact behind the problem is the unpremeditated crime of the medical behaviors. As everyone knows, the patient has the right to choose which one treats his or her disease freely, and therefore the doctor shouldn't be committed intentionally unfavorable for a patient.

　　In the supposition, the doctor who commits a crime depends on whether he or she commits negligently or not, and the medical knowledge and experiences are the most important elements to exercise his duty of care that he should and could have exercised in the circumstances. Once a doctor doesn't have enough medical knowledge and experiences, he or she whose age is less than 40 years old usually may make a mistake to meet the criminal action committed by the patient.

　　If possible, the lawyers may provide a different thinking which follows the civil action style of the foreign countries. Before the lawyer wins a civil action, please don't charge the fees for the patient to change the intention from the criminal action to the civil action. Hence, the doctor who is accused by the patient may avoid prison, and he or she just needs to pay the damages which may be paid by the insurance companies. To distribute the risk is a new concept in Taiwan, so that most of the doctors do not insure the medical responsibility.

　　According to the non-formal statistical data, the salary of a doctor should be more than NTD 150K which he or she can insure the medical responsibility, and one day the damages can be paid by the insurance companies, not the doctor. Of course, the insurance premium depends on the medical responsibility of the doctor's profession. To sign the letter of authorization is also a possible approach to avoid prison, but the doctor may commit negligently and should pay the damages for the patient actually; it's unfair for the patient to sign the letter of authorization, and therefore the doctor shouldn't shirt his or her responsibility.


References

1. 林思宇（2013.05.19）怕醫療糾紛…選到婦產科 醫學生痛哭，聯合報，http://udn.com/NEWS/HEALTH/HEA1/7906903.shtml
2. 燕珍宜（2011.11.03）醫療糾紛不斷 台灣醫生「犯罪率」世界第一，今周刊第776期，http://mag.chinatimes.com/mag-cnt.aspx?artid=10752&page=1
3. Ipadrules（2010.04.16）台灣醫師薪水，iphoner 的部落格，http://blog.udn.com/iphoner/3947881

识图老马

　　踏入社会九年来，在结构设计和土木施工阶段，都曾经被纠正过观念错误的问题。我发现土木工程有四种结构物，在标准结构图的表示方式中，有不同于学校所学之处。在此所指的「结构图」，专指设计单位经结构设计后要交付的结构断面图，或者土木施工获取自设计单位据以施作的结构断面图。我指的四种特有的土木工程结构物，包括：①沟渠结构；②大坝结构；③挡土墙结构；④悬臂式结构。①②指排水沟、渠道及水坝之类的水工结构，③是指山坡地或道路开挖的挡土结构，④的范围较广而无限制是土木工程或建筑工程。假设在摊开结构图后，图面水平方向是X轴，图面垂直方向是Y轴，出图面方向是Z轴。那么，这四种结构共同的特性，就是结构荷载是Mz而非Mx或My。因而，在RC梁、柱结构图被称为箍筋的钢筋，在此因用于承担主要的结构荷载Mz而被称为「主筋」；在RC梁、柱结构图被称为主筋的钢筋，在此因用于结构腹部承担次要的结构荷载My被称为「腹筋」。若是确实清楚结构图，不仅可以沟通无碍，在结构设计和土木施工，想必都可以顺遂而行。否则，此一错误的观念一旦被执行，可以想见后果将是不堪设想的严重。